Ninth IEEE International
Conference on Semantic Computing
Febraury 9-11, 2015
Anaheim, California, USA
http://www.ieee-icsc.org/
The field of Semantic Computing addresses the derivation
of semantic information from content and the connection of
semantics to knowledge, where "content" may be anything
including structured data, video, audio, text, hardware,
software, process, etc.
The Ninth IEEE International Conference on Semantic
Computing (ICSC 2015) continues to foster the growth of a
new research community. The conference builds on the
success of the past ICSC conferences as an international
forum for researchers and practitioners to present
research that advances the state of the art and practice
of Semantic Computing, as well as identifying emerging
research topics and defining the future of the field. The
event is located in Newport Beach, California at Hyatt
Regency Newport Beach. The technical program of ICSC 2015
includes workshops, invited keynotes, paper presentations,
panel discussions, industrial 'show and tells',
demonstrations, and more. Submissions of high‐quality
papers describing mature results or ongoing work are
invited.
The main goal of the conference is to foster the dialog
between experts in each sub‐discipline. Therefore we
especially encourage submissions of work that is
interesting to multiple areas, such as multimodal
approaches.
Note: ICSC will be held in February from 2015.
SUBMISSIONS
Regular Papers, Short Papers, and Industry Papers.
Authors are invited to submit an 8-page (regular),
4-page (short), or 6‐page (industry) technical
paper manuscript in double-column IEEE format
following the guidelines available on the
ICSC20104 web page.
Demonstration Papers and Posters.
Authors are invited to submit an 2-page
(demonstration or poster) technical paper
manuscript in double-column
IEEE format following the guidelines available on the
ICSC2014 web page.
Workshops Proposals.
The organizing committee
invites proposals for workshops to be held in
conjunction with the conference. These will focus
on specific topics of the main conference. More
information is available on the ICSC2014 web
page.
The Conference Proceedings will be published by IEEE
Computer Society Press. Distinguished quality papers
presented at the conference will be selected for
publication in internationally renowned journals.
AREAS OF INTEREST INCLUDE (but are not limited to):
Semantics based Analysis
- Natural language processing
- Image and video analysis
- Audio, music and speech analysis
- Data and web mining
- Behavior of software, systems, and networks
- Services and networks
- Security
- Privacy
- Analysis of social networks
Semantic Integration
- Metadata and other description languages
- Database schema integration
- Ontology integration
- Interoperability and service integration
- Semantic programming languages and software
engineering
- Semantic system design and synthesis
Applications using Semantics
- Big Data
- Search engines and question answering
- Semantic web services
- Content-based multimedia retrieval and
editing
- Context-aware networks of sensors, devices
and applications
- Devices and applications
- Digital library applications
- Machine translation
- Music description and meta-creation
- Medicine and Biology
- GIS systems and architecture
Semantic Interfaces
- Natural language interfaces
- Multimodal interfaces and mediation
technology
- Human centered computing
Important
Dates:
- Dec 15th, 2013: Workshop
Proposals
- Feb 15th, 2014 (midnight,
PST): Regular/Short/Poster/Demo Paper
Submission
- Feb 15th, 2014 (midnight,
PST): Industry Paper Submission
- TBD: Notification Date
- TBD: Camera-Ready &
Registration
- June 16th-18th,
2014: Conference
Organizing Committee
General Co-Chairs
Abha Moitra, GE Research, USA
Phillip Sheu, University of California, Irvine, USA
Program Co-Chairs
Robert Mertens, HSW University of Applied Sciences,
Hamelin, Germany
Giovanni Pilato, Italian National Research Council, Italy
Mei-Ling Shyu, University of Miami, USA
Nadine Steinmetz, HPI, Germany
Workshop Co-Chairs
Joseph Barr, San Diego State University, USA
Shu-Ching Chen, Florida International University, USA
Lars Knipping, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany
Newton Lee, IFERS, USA
Joanne Luciano, University of California, Irvine, USA
Industry Co-Chairs
Barbara Starr, SemanticFuse, USA
Tong Zhang, HP Labs, USA
Panel Co-Chairs
Brian Harrington, University of Toronto, Canada
David Ostrowski, Ford, USA
Demo Co-Chair
Anne Hunt, Otto, Inc.
Publicity Co-Chairs (Tentative)
Jeffrey Abbott, Del Rey Systems, USA
Keith Chan, Hong Kong Polytech University
Brian Harrington, University of Toronto, Canada
Wolfgang H�rst, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Wooju Kim, Yonsei University, Korea
Yonghong Tian, Peking University, China
Atsuo Yoshitaka, JAIST, Japan
Chengcui Zhang, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Publication Co-Chairs
Jennifer Kim, University of California, Irvine, USA
Tao Meng, University of Miami, USA
Best Paper Award Co-Chairs
Gerald Friedland, ICSI Berkeley, USA
Roger Zimmermann, National University of Singapore
Finance and Local Arrangement Chair
Taehyung Wang, California State University Northridge,
USA
Registration and Web Chair
Shaoting Wang, University of California, Irvine, USA
------------- Accepted Workshops ---------------------
Workshop on
Semantic Computing for Computational Creativity (SCCC
2014)
The Third IEEE International Workshop on
Semantic Multimedia (ICSC-SMM’14)
Tutorial and
Workshop on Semantic Computing with Big Data (SCBD 2014)
The Third IEEE
International Workshop on Data Science and Related
Technologies (ICSC-DSRT’14)
CALL FOR WORKSHOP PROPOSALS
IEEE ICSC 2014: The Eighth IEEE International Conference on
Semantic Computing June 16th- 18th, 2014, Newport Beach,
California, USA
The IEEE ICSC 2014 organizing committee invites proposals
for workshops to be held in conjunction with the conference.
The workshops will focus on specific topics of the main
conference. The organizer(s) of approved workshops are
responsible for advertising the workshop, distributing the
call for papers, gathering submissions, and conducting the
paper review process.
Any general questions regarding ICSC 2014 Workshops and
workshop proposals should be directed to Prof. Shu-Ching
Chen at chens@cs.fiu.edu .
Please add [ICSC2014-WS-Proposal] as subject.
Important Dates:
December 15, 2013: Workshop Proposals due
-------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
1. Every paper accepted for publication in the Proceedings
of ICSC 2014 MUST be presented during the conference.
2. Every paper accepted for ICSC 2014 MUST have attached to
it at least one registration at the full member/nonmember
rate. Thus, for a paper for which all authors are students,
one student author will be required to register at the full
registration rate.
The twelfth IEEE International
Workshop on Semantic Computing for Social Networks
and Organization Sciences: from user information to
social knowledge (SCSN 2024)
http://pa.icar.cnr.it/scsn24
in conjunction with
18th IEEE International Conference on Semantic
Computing (ICSC2024)
February 5-7, 2024,
The IEEE SCSN
2024 workshop will be held with a hybrid mode - You
may join the conference in person or online.
Call For Papers
Overview
------------
Internet users have become providers of
information through social networks like Facebook,
Twitter, Flickr, and so forth. On the other side
organisations may benefit by integrating social network
analysis, for instance, to understand employee
innovative behaviour, as, for instance, integrating
social networks and the leader member exchange
perspectives. Still, networks models show how
information sharing, models of social cohesion and
mutual goals (i.e. values) make organization social
capital. In this context Semantic Computing plays a
chief role because of its potentiality to turn shapeless
crowds information into social knowledge.
Furthermore, recent developments in processing, storing,
and sharing huge amount of data become problematic due
to the lack of new approaches, techniques, methods,
algorithms and technologies oriented to social networks,
including theoretical notions and insufficient awareness
on security, retrieval, networking, behavioral and
social issues.
The workshop, that will take place between Feb 5-7,
2024, in conjunction with the 18th IEEE International
Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC2024),
(http://www.ieee-icsc.org/) is a forum for researchers,
industry practitioners and domain experts in the field
of semantic computing, social networks, and social
interactions and organisation sciences to exchange the
latest advances in the state of the art and practice of
semantic computing applications to the social network
context.
Topics of interest
----------------------
- Semantics-driven indexing and retrieval for Social Media
- User modeling or social profiling for business and/or
non profit organizations
- Semantics-based recommender systems for Social Media: is
the dream coming true?
- Web adaptation methods and techniques
- Content on demand: customization or personalization?
- Semantic context modeling and extraction
- Semantic Models generation from social networks data
- Semantically-enabled data filtering
- Sentiment analysis in Social Networks
- Opinion mining in Social Networks
- Social Web Mining
- Semantics of Collective Intelligence
- Mobile social networking
- Distributed semantic computing for social network data
analysis
- Collaborative filtering, mining and prediction
- Social computing applications and case studies
- Social Data
- Social Networking
- Data Science and Big Data
- Data Security
- Security Risk Analysis, Modelling, Evaluation and
Management
- Social Media Analytics
- Privacy
- Recent Theory, Trends, Technologies and Applications
- Future Directions and Challenges in Information Security
System
- Effects of social relationships and knowledge on
organisation innovative behaviour
- Emerging social values and their impact on organisation
leaderships
Important Dates
--------------------
Submission Deadline: November 26, 2023 (extended) December 15, 2023 PT
Camera-Ready Submission and Registration Deadline:
December 15, 2023 (extended)
December 20, 2023 PT
Organizing Committee
-----------------------------
Shady Khalil, University of Hertfordshire, UK
Jianquan Liu, NEC, Japan
Giovanni Pilato, Italian National Research Council, Italy
TPC
----------------------------
(TBA)
Submission Guidelines
----------------------------
Manuscripts must be written (6 pages maximum,
all included) in English and follow the instructions in
the Manuscript Formatting and Templates page given in
ICSC 2023 website (http://www.ieee-icsc.org/) at the
“Submission” section.
Papers must be original and not be submitted to or
accepted by any other conference or journal.
Only electronic submission will be accepted. Technical
paper authors MUST submit their manuscripts through
EasyChair (
https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=scsn24), by
following the instructions given on the SCSN website (http://pa.icar.cnr.it/scsn24/).
Manuscripts may only be submitted in PDF format.
Each paper will be peer-reviewed. Papers accepted by the
workshop will be published in the conference proceedings
published by IEEE Computer Society Press.
Authors are encouraged to submit an abstract (before the
abstract submission deadline) and update the abstract to
a full paper before the deadline of full paper
submission.
For any question regarding the workshop please contact
the organizers at scsn-ws (at) pa.icar.cnr.it
http://www.ieee-icsc.org/
For any question regarding the workshop please contact
the organizers at scsn-ws (at) pa.icar.cnr.it
http://www.ieee-icsc.org/
Keynotes
keynote
Meta-Algorithmic
Approaches to Semantic Computing
by Steve Simske,
HP Labs
Abstract
Speaker
Bio
keynote
The Roles of
Reductionism, Emergence and Functional Equivalence
in Semantic Computing
by Stephen E. Levinson,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and
the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign
Abstract
Speaker
Bio
Meta-Algorithmic Approaches to Semantic Computing
by Steve Simske,
HP Labs
Semantic computing is concerned with the combination of
semantic analysis, natural language processing, and data
mining approaches to provide machine understanding for a
variety of applications. This includes the automatic
processing of user intentions, deriving meaning from
media, and intelligently mapping user intentions to
important downstream tasks such as search, retrieval,
information management, and information
re-purposing/mashing. Each of these tasks can uniquely
benefit from a meta-algorithmic approach.
Meta-algorithmics are a set of more than 20 parallel
processing patterns that, combined, offer a set of
approaches to building optimized intelligent systems.
Specific meta-algorithmic patterns, along with a fully
generalized hybrid pattern, allow any intelligent system
architect to build robust, accurate and cost- sensitive
intelligent systems. Meta-algorithmic patterns range from
simpler first-order patterns such as Voting and Predictive
Selection to highly-complex third order patterns such as
Expert Feedback to provide a repertoire of means to use
two or more algorithms, systems or intelligence engines to
create better systems. Meta-algorithmics take advantage of
the convergent ubiquity of cloud computing, massively
parallel processing, and inexpensive storage to afford
previously unimaginable data analysis approaches. In this
talk, the application of meta-algorithmic approaches to
various semantic computing challenges – particular those
in categorization, classification, summarization, search,
and authentication – will be described. Meta-algorithmics
will be shown to provide a third major form of parallel
processing (supplementing parallelism by task and by
component) to semantic computing scientists, and a new
toolkit for improving intelligent system performance.
back
to keynotes
Steve Simske
HP Labs
Steve Simske is the Director and Chief Technologist for
the Content Solutions Lab in HP Labs. His research areas
include image processing, image analysis and document
understanding technologies ranging from automatic book
digitization to and speech recognition. Steve developed
the toolset for architecting massive intelligent systems
- meta-algorithmics – which affords the combination of
two or more intelligent systems to create more robust,
accurate and often faster larger systems, or
“ecosystems”. This culminated in the recent book,
“Meta-Algorithmics” (Wiley & Sons). Steve has
earlier worked on medical signal processing for portable
medicine, including novel means of reducing biological
noise in electrocardiograms (ECGs). Steve created HP’s
Security Printing and Imaging program - image analysis,
security, analytics and forensics to prevent
counterfeiting, protect branded products, and provide
investigative support for anti-fraud. This led in part
to his invitation to participate as a Member of the
World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Illicit
Trade and Organized Crime for the past four years. Steve
is an HP Fellow and has more than 75 US Patents and more
than 300 peer-reviewed publications.
back
to keynotes
The Roles of Reductionism, Emergence and Functional
Equivalence in Semantic Computing
Stephen E. Levinson,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the
Beckman Institute
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
selevins@illinois.edu
In 1950 Albert Einstein addressed the International
College of Surgeons. With appropriate humility he insisted
that all human mental activity ultimately rests on
physics. Twenty-five years ago, the Beckman Institute was
conceived as an interdisciplinary laboratory dedicated to
the study of human cognition by the cooperative efforts of
the physical, biological and social sciences.
Cognitive learning is a complex phenomenon peculiar to
humans and, to a lesser extent, higher animals. Since
learning is mediated by the central nervous system, its
study by qualitative and empirical methods has
traditionally been the province of neurobiology and
psychology. More recently analogies to natural learning
have been drawn to certain information processing
technologies including computing, robotics, machine vision
and automatic speech recognition in which context it has
been treated by appeal to detailed abstract (i. e.
non-biological) mathematical models. For historical and
organizational reasons, the two approaches are pursued
virtually independently. As biology and psychology are
becoming more quantitative, this is a propitious time to
undertake an interdisciplinary project in which the
development of large scale mathematical models is
critically informed by known biological and psychological
principles. Conversely, the abstract models thus generated
should be sufficiently rich to make to make predictions
about human behavior that can be evaluated by experiments
on anthropomorphic robots. The goal is the construction of
a detailed quantitative model and a set of formal
organizing principles that together constitute a theory of
cognition.
For more than fifteen years, the language acquisition and
robotics lab at the Beckman institute has followed
precisely this path. We begin with Einstein's reductionist
hypothesis tempered by the notions of emergence derived
from Gibbs' statistical mechanics and Shannon's
information theoretic interpretation. Also invoked are
ideas about functional equivalence expressed by Turing's
model of thought as formal computation, Wiener's model of
homeostasis as stochastic adaptive control and von
Neumann's characterization of behavior as utility
maximization in social games. Our work is not about
robotics or speech or vision. It is about all of them
working together to produce intelligent behavior because,
we believe, cognitive functions do not exist in isolation
and there is no such thing as a disembodied mind. As a
cognitive model of reality is acquired, a linguistic image
of it is formed primarily in response to sensorimotor
perception. When the language is fully acquired, most
mental processes are mediated linguistically and we appear
to think in our native language which we hear as our
mind's voice.
Several examples are given of learned behavior including
fine motor control tasks and language acquisition.
back
to keynotes
Stephen E.
Levinson
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and
the Beckman Institute
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Stephen E. Levinson was born in New York City on
September 27, 1944. He received the B. A. degree in
Engineering Sciences from Harvard in 1966, and the M. S.
and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island in
1972 and 1974, respectively. From 1966-1969 he was a
design engineer at Electric Boat Division of General
Dynamics in Groton, Connecticut. From 1974-1976 he held
a J. Willard Gibbs Instructorship in Computer Science at
Yale University. In 1976, he joined the technical staff
of Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ where he
conducted research in the areas of speech recognition
and understanding. In 1979 he was a visiting researcher
at the NTT Musashino Electrical Communication Laboratory
in Tokyo, Japan. In 1984, he held a visiting fellowship
in the Engineering Department at Cambridge University.
In 1990, Dr. Levinson became head of the Linguistics
Research Department at AT&T Bell Laboratories where
he directed research in Speech Synthesis, Speech
Recognition and Spoken Language Translation. In 1997, he
joined the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering of the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign where he teaches courses in Speech and
Language Processing and leads research projects in
speech synthesis and automatic language acquisition. He
is also a full-time faculty member of the Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology where he
serves as the head of the Artificial Intelligence group.
Dr. Levinson is a member of the Association for
Computing Machinery, a fellow of the Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers and a fellow of the
Acoustical Society of America. He is a founding editor
of the journal Computer Speech and Language and a former
member and chair of the Industrial Advisory Board of the
CAIP Center at Rutgers University. He is the author of
more than 100 technical papers and holds seven patents.
His book, published in 2005 by John Wiley and Sons,
Ltd., is entitled "Mathematical Models for Speech
Technology"
back
to keynotes
Complex event handling with Semantic Technology
by Jans Aasman,
Franz Inc.
Enterprises collect large bodies of data that describe
interactions between their customers. Think of phone
calls, text messages, financial transactions, auctions,
emails, etc. Each of these interactions can be described
as an event object with two or more actors, a start time
and possibly an end-time, almost always an location and
then other properties to describe the event. A collection
of events will inevitably result in a large graph on which
we can do interesting computations that include graph
analytics, geospatial and temporal reasoning. Relational
databases are fundamentally unfit to explore the graph
within these networks and Big Data solutions (Hadoop, etc)
are usually not meant to work with sparse graphs, rules
and geospatial and temporal reasoning. The maturing
capabilities of RDF Graph Databases have made them the
optimal approach to mine these networks that have temporal
and geospatial features. This presentation will discuss an
application of Semantic Graph Mining using anonymized
information from an on-line bank in Asia. The data
includes all payments from account to account along with
details about links to each other through IP addresses,
goods traded, location, etc. We will show how we can
detect, in real time, whether an account executing a
transaction is part of a group of accounts that is somehow
linked to fraudulent activity.
back
to keynotes
Jans Aasman
Franz Inc.
Dr. Jans Aasman started his career as an experimental
and cognitive psychologist, earning his PhD in cognitive
science with a detailed model of car driver behaviorr.
He has spent most of his professional life in
telecommunications research, specializing in intelligent
user interfaces and applied artificial intelligence
projects. From 1995 to 2004, he was also a part-time
professor in the Industrial Design department of the
Technical University of Delft. Jans is currently the CEO
of Franz Inc., the leading supplier of commercial,
persistent, and scalable RDF database products that
provide the storage layer for powerful reasoning and
ontology modeling capabilities for Semantic Web
applications.
Dr. Aasman has gained notoriety as a conference speaker
at such events as Semantic Technologies Conference,
International Semantic Web Conference, Java One,
Enterprise Data World, Semantics in Healthcare and Life
Sciences, Linked Data Planet, INSA, GeoWeb, AAAI,
NoSQLNow, Graph Data Management, RuleML, IEEE
conferences, and DEBS to name a few.
back
to keynotes
A “Kansei” Multimedia Computing System for
Environmental Analysis and Cross-Cultural Communication
by Yasushi Kiyoki,
Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University
In the design of multimedia computing systems, one of the
most important issues is how to search and analyze media
data (images, music, movies and documents), according to
user's impressions and contexts. We introduce a "Kansei"
and semantic associative search method based on the
“Mathematical Model of Meaning (MMM)”. The concept of
"Kansei" includes several meanings on sensitive
recognition, such as “emotion”, "impression", "human
senses", "feelings", "sensitivity", "psychological
reaction" and "physiological reaction". This model
realizes "Kansei" processing and semantic associative
search for media data, according to user's impressions and
contexts and is applied to compute semantic correlations
between keywords, images, music movies and documents
dynamically in a context-dependent way. The main feature
of our system based on this model is to realize semantic
associative search in the 2000 dimensional orthogonal
semantic space with semantic projection functions. This
space is created for dynamically computing semantic
equivalence or similarity between keywords and media data.
We have designed "Kansei-Multimedia Computing System” for
realizing international and collaborative research
environments, as a new platform of multimedia semantic
computing system. This system consists of two subsystems:
(1) “Kansei” image and music search and analysis system
for cooperative creation and manipulation of multimedia
objects and (2) Cross-cultural Collaboration System with
images databases.
As an important global environmental system, we have also
designed a multimedia semantic computing system for global
environmental analysis. One of the important applications
of this system is “Global Environment-Analysis,” which
aims to evaluate various influences caused by natural
disasters in global environments. Our experimental results
have shown the feasibility and effectiveness of our
semantic associative computing system based on “MMM” in
global environmental analyses.
back
to keynotes
Challenges at the Intersection of Semantic Computing
with Law, Legal Reasoning, and Legal Practice
by Kevin D. Ashley
University of Pittsburgh
This talk will briefly consider the intersection of
semantic computing with law, legal reasoning, and legal
practice. Based on the definition of semantic computing in
the materials for the fourth IEEE International Conference
on Semantic Computing (ICSC2010), the intersection of
semantic computing with law, legal reasoning, and legal
practice addresses the derivation and matching of the
semantics of computational content to that of naturally
expressed user intentions relating to legal
problem-solving or analysis in order to retrieve, manage,
manipulate or create content based on its significance to
the legal problem-solving or analysis, where "content"
includes text, video, audio, services, networks, etc.
The talk will illustrate some challenges of addressing the
pressing needs for new ways to relate the semantics of
computational content to users’ intentions relating to
legal problem-solving or analysis. The needs are inherent
in many developments in high tech legal practice,
e-government, and research in Artificial Intelligence and
Law. For example:
- In evidentiary discovery, the need to process
enormous numbers of electronic documents in terms of
their meaning and significance relative to litigators’
intentions concerning clients’ legal claims and
strategies
- In business compliance, the need to relate
computationally-manipulable norms to regulators’
intentions embodied in the natural language legal
codes the norms are meant to represent and implement
and in the principles and policies underlying the
regulations
- In legal information retrieval and modeling
legal reasoning, the need to relate
computationally-processable ontological
representations of legal concepts and their meanings
to the intentions of legal researchers and users in
retrieving, comparing, and drawing inferences from
relevant legal rules, cases, and commentaries
- In e-Commerce and semantic web-based legal
services, the need to relate
computationally-accessible resources to the intentions
of electronically contracting parties
- In automated rights management of privacy and
intellectual property rights in data, the need to
relate proposed data access to the intentions of data
rights owners and users
- In e-government and legal education, the need
to relate computationally-processable argument
diagrams and the meanings and intentions of legal
arguers.
back
to keynotes
Yasushi Kiyoki
Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University
Yasushi Kiyoki received his B.E., M.E. and Ph.D. degrees
in electrical engineering from Keio University in 1978,
1980 and 1983, respectively. From 1984 to 1996, he was
with Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics,
Univ. of Tsukuba, as an assistant professor and then an
associate professor. Since 1996, he has been with
Graduate School of Media and Governance, where he is
currently a professor. His research addresses
multi-database systems, knowledge base systems, semantic
associative processing, and multimedia database systems.
He serves as the editor-in-chief on Information Modeling
and Knowledge Bases (IOS Press). He also served program
chairs for several international conferences, such as
7th International Conference on Database Systems for
Advanced Applications and European-Japanese Conferences
on Information Modeling and Knowledge bases
(2004-Present).
back
to keynotes
Kevin D.
Ashley
Professor of Law and Intelligent Systems
University of Pittsburgh
Dr. Kevin Ashley holds interdisciplinary appointments as
a faculty member of the Graduate Program in Intelligent
Systems at the University of Pittsburgh, a Senior
Scientist at the Learning Research and Development
Center, a Professor of Law, and Adjunct Professor of
Computer Science. He received a B.A. in philosophy
(magna cum laude) from Princeton University in 1973,
J.D. (cum laude) from Harvard Law School in 1976, and
Ph.D. in computer science in 1988 from the University of
Massachusetts.
An expert on computer modeling of legal reasoning and
cyberspace legal issues, he has reported his research in
conference proceedings of the American Association for
Artificial Intelligence, the International Association
for Artificial Intelligence and the Law, and the
Cognitive Science Society. He has also published in
journals such as Jurimetrics, IEEE Expert, International
Journal of Man/Machine Studies, and Journal of
Artificial Intelligence and the Law, of which he is an
editor. Professor Ashley has been a Principal
Investigator of a number of National Science Foundation
grants to study reasoning with cases in law and
professional ethics. Professor Ashley is also author of
Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and
Hypotheticals (MIT Press/Bradford Books, 1990).
A former National Science Foundation Presidential Young
Investigator, Professor Ashley was also a visiting
scientist at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center,
and a recipient of an IBM Graduate Research Fellowship.
He is a Fellow of the American Association for
Artificial Intelligence, and a past President of the
International Association of Artificial Intelligence and
Law.
back to keynotes
Bhavani Thuraisingham
Professor
University of Texas, Dallas
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham is the Louis A. Beecherl, Jr. I
Distinguished Professor in the Erik Jonsson School of
Engineering and Computer Science at the University of
Texas at Dallas (UTD) effective September 2010. She joined
UTD in October 2004 as a Professor of Computer Science and
Director of the Cyber Security Research Center which
conducts research in data security and privacy, secure
networks, secure languages, secure social media, data
mining and semantic web. She is an elected Fellow of three
prestigious organizations: the IEEE (Institute for
Electrical and Electronics Engineers), the AAAS (American
Association for the Advancement of Science) and the BCS
(British Computer Society). She is the recipient of
numerous awards including the IEEE Computer Society’s 1997
Technical Achievement Award for “outstanding and
innovative contributions to secure data management” and
the 2010 Research Leadership Award for Outstanding and
Sustained Leadership Contributions to the field of
Intelligence and Security Informatics” presented jointly
by the IEEE Intelligent and Transportation Systems Society
Technical Committee on Intelligence and Security
Informatics in Transportation Systems and the IEEE
Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society Technical Committee
on Homeland Security. She served as served as an IEEE
Distinguished Lecturer between 2002 and 2005. She was also
quoted by Silicon India magazine as one of the seven
leading technology innovators of South Asian origin in the
USA in 2002.
back to keynotes
Using Semantics to Improve Interactive Information
Access
by Lynda Hardman
Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
Many methods have been developed to extract
human-interpretable semantics from signals present in
individual media assets. Ensuring that these
human-interpretable semantics are also machine processable
allows us to identify, describe and connect together
fragments of media assets in a rich information
environment. Users requiring information are then faced
with the problem of finding out what information is
available, and obtaining sufficient fragments to
successfully carry out their task. Systems supporting
these tasks can use the fragments, descriptions of them
and relationships among them, to improve both the
selection and presentation of information.
This talk will address two issues. Where can semantics
play a role in supporting information oriented tasks, and
how can they be used to improve support.
back to keynotes
Lynda Hardman
head of the Interactive Information Access group
at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
Lynda Hardman (
http://www.cwi.nl/~lynda/)
is head of the Interactive Information Access group at
CWI (Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica) and professor
by special appointment of Multimedia Interaction in the
Faculty of Science at the University of Amsterdam. She
obtained her PhD from the University of Amsterdam in
1998, having graduated in Mathematics and Physics from
Glasgow University in 1982. During several years of
working in the software industry she was the development
manager for Guide - the first hypertext authoring system
for personal computers (1986).
Her early experiences in industry with the development
of hypertext authoring tools inspired her towards
underlying questions of combining time-dependent
documents (such as video sequences) along with
interaction through links into a single model. She was a
member of the W3C working group that developed the first
SMIL recommendation.
Since the development of the semantic web, she has
dedicated herself to improving human access to the
ever-expanding 'linked data cloud'. Her current research
efforts are focused on improving design methods for
human-based interfaces in relation to developing
technology.
She is a member of the editorial board for the Journal
of Web Semantics, and the New Review of Hypermedia and
Multimedia, and was co-programme chair for SAMT 2008 and
ACM Hypertext 2003.
back to keynotes
Foto Jeroen Oerlemans
Music Understanding, Music Semantics, and the Future of
Music
by Roger B. Dannenberg
School of Computer Science, Art, and Music
Carnegie Mellon University
Music understanding is the automatic recognition of
pattern and structure in music. Music understanding
problems include matching, searching, and parsing problems
related to music recognition and music classification.
Music semantics is a more difficult subject. Music, like
abstract art, rarely denotes anything specific, and one
can argue that music semantics is an oxymoron.
Nevertheless, music can be associated with emotions and
many other terms or tags, leading to representations
similar to those used for semantic computation in other
domains. We are at a time of music revolution where old
practices of publishing and recording are being challenged
by new technologies and consumer expectations. I believe
this revolution will continue with the advance of music
computation, which will enable new forms of music
practice. Music understanding and semantic computing will
play an important role in the future of music.
back to keynotes
Manuela Veloso
Herbert A. Simon Professor
Computer Science Department
Carnegie Mellon University
Manuela M. Veloso is Herbert A. Simon Professor of
Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. She
directs the CORAL research laboratory, for the study of
agents that Collaborate, Observe, Reason, Act, and
Learn, www.cs.cmu.edu/~coral. Professor Veloso is a
Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of
Artificial Intelligence, and the President of the
RoboCup Federation. She recently received the 2009
ACM/SIGART Autonomous Agents Research Award for her
contributions to agents in uncertain and dynamic
environments, including distributed robot localization
and world modeling, strategy selection in multiagent
systems in the presence of adversaries, and robot
learning from demonstration. Professor Veloso is the
author of one book on "Planning by Analogical Reasoning"
and editor of several other books. She is also an author
in over 200 journal articles and conference papers.
back to keynotes
Rebecca
Crowley
Associate Professor
Biomedical Informatics at the University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine
Director of the Pittsburgh Graduate Training Program in
Biomedical Informatics
Rebecca Crowley is an Associate Professor of Biomedical
Informatics at the University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine and Director of the Pittsburgh Graduate
Training Program in Biomedical Informatics. She received
her MD and MS in Information Science from the University
of Pittsburgh, and her post-graduate training in
Pathology and Neuropathology at Stanford University. Dr.
Crowley was a National Library of Medicine (NLM) Fellow
in Biomedical Informatics, and a Howard Hughes Medical
Institute Fellow in Molecular Neuroendocrinology. Her
research interests include applications of semantic
technologies to clinical teaching and translational
biomedical research as well as the sociotechnical
requirements and consequences of sharing biomedical
data. Dr. Crowley has also contributed to several large
scale biomedical data sharing consortia focused on
semantic interoperability including the Cancer
Biomedical Informatics Grid (caBIG).
back to keynotes
Roger B.
Dannenberg
Associate Research Professor
School of Computer Science, Art, and Music
Carnegie Mellon University
Dr. Roger B. Dannenberg is an Associate Research
Professor in the Schools of Computer Science, Art, and
Music at Carnegie Mellon University, where he is also a
fellow of the Studio for Creative Inquiry. Dannenberg is
well known for his computer music research, especially
in real-time interactive systems. His pioneering work in
computer accompaniment led to three patents and the
SmartMusic system now used by tens of thousands of music
students. He also played a central role in the
development of the Piano Tutor, an intelligent,
interactive, automated multimedia tutor that enables a
student to obtain first-year piano proficiency in less
than 20 hours. Dannenberg held a patent for large-scale
interactive games controlled by crowd noise, and these
"stadium games" have entertained many NFL fans. Other
innovations include the application of machine learning
to music style classification and the automation of
music structure analysis. As a trumpet player, he has
performed in concert halls ranging from the historic
Apollo Theater in Harlem to the Espace de Projection at
IRCAM, and he is active in performing jazz, classical,
and new works. His compositions have been performed by
the Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble, the Pittsburgh
Symphony, and at festivals such as the Foro de Musica
Nueva, Callejon del Ruido, Spring in Havana, and the
International Computer Music Conference.
back to keynotes
Shih-Fu Chang
Professor,
Digital Video and Multimedia Lab
Columbia University
Shih-Fu Chang is Director of Digital Video and
Multimedia Lab and Professor and Chairman of Electrical
Engineering and at Columbia University. He has also led
the ADVENT research consortium at Columbia University
with the participation of more than 25 industry
sponsors. He has made significant contributions in
multimedia search, media forensics, mobile media
adaptation, and international standards. He has been
recognized with several awards, including IEEE Kiyo
Tomiyasu Technical Field Award, IBM Faculty Award, Navy
ONR Young Investigator Award, ACM Recognition of Service
Award, and NSF CAREER Award. He and his students have
received four Best Paper Awards and seven Best Student
Paper Awards from IEEE, ACM, and SPIE. Many video
indexing technologies developed by his group have been
licensed to companies. He was elected to IEEE Fellow in
2004 and was Editor-in-Chief for IEEE Signal Processing
Magazine during 2006-8.
back to keynotes
Towards Semantic-Level Visual Search
by Prof. Shih-Fu Chang
Digital Video and Multimedia Lab, Columbia University
With the explosive growth of multimedia content online,
researchers have been racing to develop novel solutions
for searching images and videos. The Holy Grail has always
been a seamless way of accessing multimedia information at
the semantic level. However, two major barriers remain in
the way – the semantic gap and the intention gap. The
former refers to the large difference between machine
recognizable information from raw image data and the user
desired descriptions at the semantic level. To address
this, recently there have been major efforts in developing
multimedia ontologies for describing visual concepts,
training large resources for automatic concept
categorization, and new image search interfaces directly
in the visual concept space. The other challenge
associated with the intention gap lies in the difficulty
in expressing user search targets through the conventional
keyword-based methods. In response to this, I will
describe two new paradigms. One explores efficient methods
(lexical, statistical, and Web) to map keywords to visual
detectors and adds real-time interfaces for manipulating
queries in the visual concept space. The other completely
foregoes the textual query input, instead relies on novel
brain machine interfaces and data mining techniques to
decode user’s search targets. I will survey on-going
research in the above directions aiming towards a
semantic-level visual search engine.
back to keynotes
Industry
Session Call for Papers
IEEE ICSC 2014: The Eighth IEEE International Conference
on Semantic Computing
September 16-18, 2013
Irvine, CA
Program Goals and Format:
The goals of the ICSC 2014 Industry Session are to
foster exchanges between practitioners and the
academics, to promote novel solutions to today's
challenges in the area of Semantic Computing and
applications, to provide practitioners in the field an
early opportunity to evaluate leading-edge research, and
to identify new issues and directions for future
research and development efforts. Similar to regular
papers, the papers in the industry session will undergo
a review process and will appear in the conference
proceedings. However, the selection criteria for
industry papers are slightly different. In particular,
papers should describe technologies, methodologies,
applications, prototypes or experiences of clear
industry relevance. A main goal of this session is to
present research work that exposes the academic and
research communities to challenges and issues important
for the industry. Therefore, the papers in this session
will be evaluated primarily by the novelty and
applicability of the insights from its industrial
solutions, instead of the originality of its algorithmic
content.
Topics of Interest:
Topics of particular interest include but are not
limited to those identified in the main conference CFP,
as well as those listed below:
1. Development of new semantic systems, architecture,
and standards
2. Employment of semantic computing tools and interfaces
3. Employment of large-scale semantic systems
4. Benchmarking and performance evaluation of semantic
systems
5. Innovative solutions for performance optimization
6. Mobile semantic systems and services
7. Multimedia semantic content analysis and retrieval
systems
8. Modeling issues and case studies of semantic
computing
9. Game and entertainment applications
10. e-Business and other applications
11. Analysis of industry-specific trends and challenges
Important Dates:
Submission: June 10, 2013
Notification: June 28, 2013
Conference: September 16-18, 2013
Industrial Paper Submission:
Industrial papers should be submitted via the ICSC 2014
online paper submission system. Industry Session papers
should be no longer than 8 pages with the same
submission guidelines available on the ICSC 2014 web
page. Only electronic submission will be accepted. All
industrial papers will be peer-reviewed and published in
the conference proceedings, which will be published by
the IEEE Computer Society Press. Submissions must not be
published or submitted for another conference.
Industry Session Co-Chairs:
Abha Moitra, GE Research, USA
David Ostrowski, Ford, USA
-------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
1. Every paper accepted for publication in the
Proceedings of ICSC 2014 MUST be presented during the
conference.
2. Every paper accepted for ICSC 2014 MUST have attached
to it at least one registration at the full
member/nonmember rate. Thus, for a paper for which all
authors are students, one student author will be
required to register at the full registration rate.
Program Committee
S�ren Auer, University of Leipzig, Germany
Agnese Augello, ICAR-CNR
Ramazan Aygun, University of Alabama, Huntsville, USA
Kathy Baker, US Government, USA
Lamberto Ballan, University of Florence, Italy
Roberto Basili, Univ. of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
Ivan Bedini, Bell Labs
Marco Bertini, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
Michael Bloodgood, University of Maryland, USA
David Bracewell, Language Computer Corporation
Volha Bryl, Fondazione Bruno Kessler
Nicoletta Calzolari, Istituto di Linguistica
Computazionale del CNR, Italy
Yu Cao, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, USA
Kasturi Chatterjee, TechnoratiMedia Inc., USA
Chao Chen, Capital One Bank, USA
Matthew Cooper, FXPAL, USA
Jason Corso, SUNY at Buffalo, USA
Claudia D'Amato, University of Bari, Italy
Ernesto D'Avanzo, Universit� degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
Stamatia Dasiopoulou, Informatics and Telematics
Institute, Greece
Thierry Declerck, DFKI GmbH, Germany
Alexiei Dingli, University of Malta
Massimo Esposito,ICAR-CNR, Italy
Alex Chengyu Fang, The City University of Hong Kong, China
Nicola Fanizzi, Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit� di
Bari, Italy
Luigi Gallo, ICAR-CNR, Italy
Jose Manuel Gomez-Perez, Intelligent Software Components
(iSOCO) S.A.
Thomas Gottron, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
William I. Grosky, University of Michigan-Dearborn, USA
Rodrigo Guido, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Sanda Harabagiu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA
Choochart Haruechaiyasak, National Electronics and
Computer Technology Center, Thailand
Takako Hashimoto, Chiba University of Commerce, Japan
Johannes Heinecke, France Telecom
Ed Hovy, University of Southern California, USA
Zifang Huang, Western Union, USA
Eero Hyv�nen, Aalto University and University of Helsinki,
Finland
Maria Jose Ibanez, University of Zaragoza, Spain
Nancy Ide, Vassar College
Hasan Jamil, Wayne State University, USA
Cliff Joslyn, PNNL, USA
Artem Katasonov, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
Finland
Lars Knipping, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany
Shuichi Kurabayashi, Keio University SFC, Japan
Marco La Cascia, University of Palermo, Italy
Freddy Lecue, University of Manchester, UK
Ying Li, IBM T.J. Watson, USA,
Lin Lin, American National Standards Institute, USA
Dianting Liu, University of Miami, USA
Alexander Loui, Eastman Kodak Company, USA,
Hongli Luo, Indiana University - Purdue University Fort
Wayne, USA
Mathias Lux, University of Klagenfurt, Austria
Rabi Mahapatra, Texas A&M University, USA
Umberto Maniscalco, CNR, Italy
Elio Masciari, ICAR-CNR, Italy
David Mcdonald, SIFT LLC
Dennis McLeod, University of Southern California, USA
Marge McShane, University of Maryland Baltimore (UMBC),
USA
Farid Meziane, University of Salford, UK,
Adrian Mocan, SAP AG, Germany,
Fionn Murtagh, Royal Holloway University of London, UK
Shinichi Nagano, Toshiba Corporation, Japan
Costanza Navarretta, Center for Sprogteknologi,Denmark
Matthias Nickles, Technical University of Munich
Antonio Picariello, Universita` di Napoli "Federico II"
Roberto Pirrone, DINFO - Universita' di Palermo, Italy
Luigi Pontieri, ICAR-CNR, Italy
Sameer Pradhan, BBN Technologies
Alessandro Provetti, University of Messina, Italy
Matthew Purver, Queen Mary University of London, UK
Riccardo Rizzo, ICAR-CNR, Italy
Marco Rospocher, Fondazione Bruno Kessler
Dylan Seychell, University of Malta
Alkis Simitsis, HP Labs
Nadine Steinmetz, Hasso Plattner Institute of Software
Systems Engineering, Germany
Heiko Stoermer, University of Trento, Italy
Matthias Thimm, Universit�t Koblenz-Landau, Germany
Marc Tomlinson, Language Computer Corporation
Alfonso Maurizio Urso, ICAR-CNR, Italy
Filippo Vella, ICAR-CNR, Italy
Marc Verhagen, Brandeis University, USA
Ren� Witte, Concordia University, Canada
Jianhua Yan, PayPal, an eBay company, USA
Ziming Zhuang, Yahoo! Labs, USA
The
conference group rate for Irvine Hyatt is $149.00 for
single/double with complimentary wireless internet.
Please make your reservation online HERE.
Call for
Demonstration
IEEE ICSC 2014: The 8th IEEE International Conference on
Semantic Computing
September 16-18, 2013
Irvine, CA
The IEEE ICSC 2014 organizing committee invites
proposals for demonstrations to be given at the
conference. The demonstrations provide a forum for
researchers as well as industry participants to
demonstrate working systems, applications, tools or
showcases of base technologies to the conference
attendees. The goal of the demonstrations is to show a
spectrum ranging from research prototypes to pilots
developed and even products that use semantic technology
and provide functionality based on semantics in the
context of semantic computing. For submissions to this
event, it is very important to describe the
demonstration setup, functionality and benefit to the
viewer of the demonstration. Technical background
discussion can be presented at the actual demonstration
or can be submitted as an industry track or regular
conference paper; the focus of the demonstration
themselves should be to show the functionality to
viewers. It is expected that the demonstrations are
highly interactive.
Topics for demonstrations include but are not limited
to:
* Content and Information Management
* Knowledge Engineering
* Data Mining
* Semantic Database Theory and Systems
* Service-oriented Architectures and Computing
* Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services
* Multimedia Semantics
* Audio and Speech Processing
* Natural Language Processing
* Semantic Search Technologies and Applications
* User Interfaces
Demonstrations are ideally demonstrating a system or
application that clearly shows the benefit of using and
deploying semantics and semantic technologies. In
addition, tools and base technologies that implement or
use semantic technology or semantic approaches are
invited for demonstration.
Demonstration Setup
The demonstrations are planned to be a single event
during a conference reception function, open to all
conference attendees, with the goal of open and
constructive discussions. One table will be provided
with power as well as an Internet connection. Posters
can be put up behind or next to the tables (depending on
the space) either on pin boards or the wall.
Demonstrators must bring any additional equipment they
require as no equipment will be provided by the
conference.
Demonstration Submissions
Authors submitting papers to the demonstrations must
submit a 2-page paper that clearly outlines the
demonstration that will be set up and the functionality
a visitor to the demonstration can observe. The
technical background, such as the architecture or
algorithms, should not be described in detail; such a
description would be better submitted to the industry
track or main conference paper track. Including links to
supporting material, e.g. a video on the web or a
web-based demo itself, is highly encouraged. All
submissions must be in double-column IEEE format and
follow the specific submission guidelines on the
ICSC2012 web page. The Conference Proceedings will be
published by the IEEE Computer Society Press and the
accepted demonstration submissions will be included in
the conference proceedings.
Important Dates
Demo Submission: June 10, 2013
Notification: June 28, 2013
Conference: September 16-18, 2013
Submissions
Researchers and practitioners are invited to submit demo
proposals to the demo co-chair
Please include "[ICSC2013-DEMO]" in the subject of your
emails.
Call for
Applications
2nd International Summer School on Semantic Computing
July 25-31, 2010
University of California, Berkeley
co-sponsored by IEEE, Institute of Semantic Computing
and STI International
Semantic Computing is currently emerging as a new field
that integrates methods from multimedia (computer
vision, speech processing), natural language processing,
semantic web and ontology engineering, software
engineering, and other fields with the goal of creating
new applications that connect intuitively formulated
user-intentions with the content of data.
The summer school will provide an introduction to the
field to senior undergraduate and graduate students. A
mix of young and well-established researchers and
educators will present recent research results, as for
example presented in the IEEE conferences on Semantic
Computing. The tutorials will be complemented by keynote
talks by renowned experts in the areas of Semantic
Technologies, Ontologies, Multimedia or Natural Language
Processing.
The 6-day event is taking place on the campus of the
University of California, Berkeley and the curriculum
will include the following topics:
- Formal Semantics
- Semantic Web
- Ontology Engineering
- Multimedia
- Natural Language Processing
Important Dates:
* May, 1: Application deadline
* May, 15: Notification of acceptance/Registration opens
* June, 15: Registration completed
* July, 25: School starts
For instruction on how to apply and other information,
please visit the following website: http://sssc2010.org
Technical Paper Preparation Instructions
Manuscripts must be written in English and follow the
instructions in the Manuscript Formatting and Templates
page
Document templates are located at:
Regular Papers should be no longer than eight (8) pages,
Short Papers should be no longer than four (4) pages,
Demonstration Papers and Posters should be no longer than
two (2) pages.
All paper submissions will be carefully reviewed by at
least three experts and reviews will be returned to the
author(s) with comments to ensure the high quality of the
accepted papers. The authors of accepted papers must
guarantee that their paper will be presented at the
conference. Please only submit original material where
copyright of all parts is owned by the authors declared
and which is not currently under review elsewhere. Please
see the IEEE policies for further
information.
Technical Paper Submission Instructions
Only electronic submission will be accepted. Technical
paper authors MUST submit their manuscripts through
EasyChair. Please follow this link (please register if
not an EasyChair user). Manuscripts may only be submitted
in PDF format.
A copyright form needs to be submitted upon acceptance of
the paper and is not required at this stage.
-------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
1. Every paper accepted for publication in the
Proceedings of ICSC 2014 MUST be presented during the
conference.
2. Every paper accepted for ICSC 2014 MUST have attached
to it at least one registration at the full
member/nonmember rate. Thus, for a paper for which all
authors are students, one student author will be
required to register at the full registration rate.
ICSC Registration Information
The registration deadline is July 21 for authors and July
31 for general participants.
At least one author each paper has to pay a full
registration.
We accept online credit card payment. Please access Online
Registration
System to register.
If you are not in U.S., you might need to ask your credit
card bank first to allow foreign transaction.
Email any question regarding registration to Shao-Ting
Wang at shaotinw@uci.edu
Visa
Instructions
Those who need to apply for Visa, please send an email to
Dr. George Wang twang@csun.edu
as follows:
* In the subject line write "Visa Letter for IEEE ICSC
2014"
* Provide the full title of the paper including the author
list and affiliation and the name of the presenter seeking
the letter for Visa.
* Indicate the relevant information regarding "Regular",
"Short", "Poster", "Industry", etc.
Author Kit:
ICSC2013 Author Kit Link
Important Date:
- July 21, 2013: Deadline for
Camera-ready and Copyright Form Submissions
Tutorials and Special Workshops
Schedule
1. Monday 9/16 (10:20AM - 12:50PM): Semantic Computing in
Financial Industry
2. Monday 9/16 (2PM - 5PM): Semantic Computing in
Healthcare Industry
3. Tuesday 9/17 (2PM - 5PM): Semantic Computing for
Edutainment
4. Wednesday (2PM - 5PM): Semantic Computing in Social
Media
5. Wednesday (7PM - 9:30PM): Human Systems Integration
(HSI) in Semantic Computing and Graph Analytics
6. Thursday (9AM - 4PM): Data Science
Conference and Workshop Program
Contacts
Phillip Sheu (psheu@uci.edu): Administrative
Mei-Ling Shyu (shyu@miami.edu): Technical program
George Wang (twang@csun.edu): Local Arrangement
Shao-Ting Wang (shaotinw@uci.edu): Registration
Coming
Soon...